Notes on the Governance, Regulation, and Public Policy of Artificial Intelligence
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56294/ai2026404Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence (AI), AI Governance, Technology Regulation, Regulatory FrameworksAbstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping economic, social, and political systems at an unprecedented pace, generating transformative opportunities alongside ethical, legal, and geopolitical risks. This article explores key international trends in AI governance and regulation, emphasizing multilevel approaches that integrate local, national, and global dimensions. Through an analysis of hard and soft law frameworks, public–private cooperation initiatives, and institutional developments across Europe, North America, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America, the study identifies critical factors for effective governance: shared ethical principles, adaptive regulatory structures, and accountability mechanisms. It concludes that AI governance must transcend risk mitigation and serve as a guiding compass for democratic, inclusive, and sustainable digital transformation.
References
1. Olda Bustillos Ortega, Jorge Murillo Gamboa, Olman Núñez Peralta, Fabián Rodríguez Sibaja. Hacia una normativa sobre la inteligencia artificial (IA): consideraciones clave y regulaciones internacionales. Interfases 2024. https://doi.org/10.26439/interfases2024.n020.7178.
2. L. Benítez. Hacia una Gobernanza Colaborativa: el imperativo de la sociedad civil en la era de la Inteligencia Artificial y la gobernanza de datos en Paraguay. Cuadernos de Sociología 2024. https://doi.org/10.54549/cs.2023.3.6.4433.
3. Aguilar Antonio JM. Trayectoria y modelo de gobernanza de las políticas de inteligencia artificial (IA) de los países de América del Norte. Justicia 2024;29. https://doi.org/10.17081/just.29.45.7162.
4. Dafoe A. AI Governance: Overview and Theoretical Lenses s. f.
5. Geovanny Francisco Ruiz Muñoz, Juan Carlos Vasco Delgado, Josselin Michelle Alvear Dávalos. Inteligencia artificial y gobernanza en la gestión académica y administrativa de la educación superior. Revista Social Fronteriza 2024. https://doi.org/10.59814/resofro.2024.4(6)508.
6. Chinen M. Introduction to The International Governance of Artificial Intelligence, 2023.
7. Mishra A. Scalable AI Governance and Ethics. En: Mishra A, editor. Scalable AI and Design Patterns: Design, Develop, and Deploy Scalable AI Solutions, Berkeley, CA: Apress; 2024, p. 147-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/979-8-8688-0158-7_9.
8. Anwar D, Faizanuddin M, Fatima S, Dayal R. Transforming Supply Chain Finance with AI and IoT for Greater Inclusivity, Efficiency, and Intelligence. LatIA 2025;3:121-121. https://doi.org/10.62486/latia2025121.
9. ESMARTCITY. Análisis de las tendencias de gobernanza, desafíos y riesgos de la inteligencia artificial a nivel global. ESMARTCITY 2025. https://www.esmartcity.es/2025/04/22/analisis-tendencias-gobernanza-desafios-riesgos-inteligencia-artificial-nivel-global (accedido 22 de junio de 2025).
10. Mar Moreno-Rebato. La gobernanza internacional de la Inteligencia Artificial y el “efecto Bruselas". International Journal of Digital Law 2024. https://doi.org/10.47975/digital.law.vol.4.n.3.moreno.
11. Wahed SA, Wahed MA. AI-Driven Digital Well-being: Developing Machine Learning Model to Predict and Mitigate Internet Addiction. LatIA 2025;3:134-134. https://doi.org/10.62486/latia2025134.
12. Butarbutar R. Virtual Socio-Cultural Collaborative Learning for EFL Speaking Skills Classes. LatIA 2025;3:95-95. https://doi.org/10.62486/latia202595.
13. Alma De Los Ángeles Ríos Ruiz. Desafíos y oportunidades que presenta el marco jurídico del metaverso en la Unión Europea. Ius Comitiãlis 2024. https://doi.org/10.36677/ic.v7i14.24617.
14. Dei H. The use of AI in the organization of local government work. LatIA 2025;3:123-123. https://doi.org/10.62486/latia2025123.
15. Singh K, Yadav M. Design of AI in leadership. LatIA 2025;3:118-118. https://doi.org/10.62486/latia2025118.
16. Eduardo Sergio DE LA TORRE JARAMILLO. INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL, DERECHO Y GOBERNANZA (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, LAW AND GOVERNANCE). Universos Jurídicos 2023. https://doi.org/10.25009/uj.v21i21.2668.
17. Regulación de la inteligencia artificial en Estados Unidos s. f. https://www.think.es/la-regulacion-de-la-inteligencia-artificial-un-desafio-en-evolucion/ (accedido 22 de junio de 2025).
18. Kayusi F, Chavula P. Enhancing Wetland Restoration through Machine Learning-Based Decision Support Systems. LatIA 2023;1:81-81. https://doi.org/10.62486/latia202581.
19. Londoño MLS. The application of Artificial Intelligence in rural education at the University level. Metaverse Basic and Applied Research 2024;3:.102-.102. https://doi.org/10.56294/mr2024.102.
20. Fuentes JRA, Gómez CMM. Artificial Intelligence for Education: Active Learning. Metaverse Basic and Applied Research 2024;3:.131-.131. https://doi.org/10.56294/mr2024.131.
21. Soto IBR, Leon NSS. How artificial intelligence will shape the future of metaverse. A qualitative perspective. Metaverse Basic and Applied Research 2022;1:12-12. https://doi.org/10.56294/mr202212.
22. Puente JH, Contreras-Piña G. Technological convergence in the metaverse: challenges and solutions from blockchain, AI, and digital rights. Metaverse Basic and Applied Research 2024;3:.108-.108. https://doi.org/10.56294/mr2024.108.
23. Velastegui-Hernández RE, Salinas-Velastegui VG, Velastegui-Hernandez DC, Reyes-Rosero EA, Cevallos-Teneda AC, Tufiño-Aguilar AA, et al. AI in the development of vaccines for emerging and re-emerging diseases. Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología 2024;4:.1285-.1285. https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt2024.1285.
24. Islami S, Ambiyar A, Sukardi S, Chandra O, Wulansari RE, Zaus AA, et al. The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Flipped Interactive Learning: Building a Generation of Critical Thinkers, Skilled Communicators, Effective Collaborators, and Creative Innovators. Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología 2024;4:.1311-.1311. https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt2024.1311.
25. Telenchana LSL, Torres GJS, López XAQ, Haro DMR. Machine Learning en la industria 4.0: una revisión sistemática. Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología 2024;4:1068-1068. https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt20241068.
26. Marín JDU. Role of registry offices regarding the expiration of precautionary measures according to Law 1579 of 2012. Multidisciplinar (Montevideo) 2023;1:16-16. https://doi.org/10.62486/agmu202316.
27. Espinosa JCG, Sánchez LML, Pereira MAF. Benefits of Artificial Intelligence in human talent management. Multidisciplinar (Montevideo) 2023;1:14-14. https://doi.org/10.62486/agmu202314.
28. Romero-Carazas R, Torres-Sánchez JA, Vela-Quico DF, Espiritu-Martinez AP, Velarde-Tejada MJ, Bernedo-Moreira DH. Artificial Intelligence in Accounting Auditing: Evolution and Projection Through a Bibliometric Study. Management (Montevideo) 2024;2:97-97. https://doi.org/10.62486/agma202497.
29. Solano AVC, Arboleda LDC, García CCC, Dominguez CDC. Benefits of artificial intelligence in companies. Management (Montevideo) 2023;1:17-17. https://doi.org/10.62486/agma202317.
30. Introducing the AI Safety Institute. GOVUK s. f. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-institute-overview/introducing-the-ai-safety-institute (accedido 24 de junio de 2025).
31. Inastrilla CRA, Santana ML, Hernández DC, Vera DG. Artificial Intelligence and Psychology: a study of scientific production in Scopus. Health Leadership and Quality of Life 2023;2:187-187. https://doi.org/10.56294/hl2023187.
32. Romero-Carazas R, Lazo-Barreda AG, Enciso-Miranda FU, Vela-Quico DF, Fernández-Collado Y. Analysis of the concerted development plan to improve user satisfaction in a local government in Arequipa. Health Leadership and Quality of Life 2024;3:.541-.541. https://doi.org/10.56294/hl2024.541.
33. Mohanty MD, Rg HK, Khandelwal S, Soni SL. Assessing the Effectiveness of Healthcare Management Systems in Quality Enhancement. Health Leadership and Quality of Life 2023;2:310-310. https://doi.org/10.56294/hl2023310.
34. PAe - España impulsa la cooperación y la convergencia regulatoria de la IA entre Europa, Latinoamérica y el Caribe s. f. https://administracionelectronica.gob.es/pae_Home/pae_Actualidad/pae_Noticias/Anio2023/Noviembre/Noticia-2023-11-20-Espana-cooperacion-convergencia-IA-Europa--Latinoamerica-Caribe.html?idioma=es (accedido 24 de junio de 2025).
35. D. Ordoñez-Iturralde, Christian Xavier Proaño-Piedra. Gobernanza y desafíos éticos en la adopción empresarial de la Inteligencia Artificial. Innovación Empresarial 2024. https://doi.org/10.37711/rcie.2024.4.2.633.
36. Collemiche M. Gobernanza y Regulación de la IA. CDO LATAM 2025. https://cdo-latam.com/gobernanza-y-regulacion-de-la-ia/ (accedido 24 de junio de 2025).
37. Daniel Javier De La Garza Montemayor, Carlos Gómez Díaz De León. Inteligencia Artificial y big data: nuevos paradigmas de la Comunicación Política y la Gobernanza Digital. Más poder local 2024. https://doi.org/10.56151/maspoderlocal.214.
38. León CGD de, Garza-Montemayor DJ de la. Redes sociales y administración pública: los desafíos y oportunidades de los gobiernos en la era de la comunicación digital. Universitas 2023:87-103. https://doi.org/10.17163/uni.n39.2023.04.
39. Así se está regulando la IA en la UE, EE.UU. y la OCDE: el difícil equilibrio entre seguridad y fomento de la innovación. Garrigues 2024. https://www.garrigues.com/es_ES/garrigues-digital/asi-esta-regulando-ia-ue-eeuu-ocde-dificil-equilibrio-seguridad-fomento (accedido 24 de junio de 2025).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Marynes Quiroz Márquez, Evelin Escalona, Misael Ron (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The article is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Unless otherwise stated, associated published material is distributed under the same licence.